{"id":19786,"date":"2021-04-20T13:58:41","date_gmt":"2021-04-20T13:58:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/?p=19786"},"modified":"2026-02-23T14:34:02","modified_gmt":"2026-02-23T22:34:02","slug":"ble-direct-test-mode-through-2-wire-uart-interface","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/span\/ble-direct-test-mode-through-2-wire-uart-interface\/","title":{"rendered":"Modo de prueba directa BLE a trav\u00e9s de la interfaz UART de 2 cables"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"padding:0 0 0 15pt;\">\n<span style=\"color: #777777; font-size: 1.3em; font-family: manrope; letter-spacing: -1px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">Kerr Lu<\/span><span style=\"color: #777777; font-size: 1.7em; font-weight: 100; line-height: 1.5em\">&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #8C43FD; font-size: 1.3em; font-family: manrope; letter-spacing: -1px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">Software Engineer<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<hr>\n<\/hr>\n<p><\/br><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><\/p>\n<div style=\"padding:0 0 0 15pt; margin:-25pt 0 0 0;\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-9-0.jpg\" width=\"130px\" margin: 0 0 0 -27pt; class=\"left\"><\/p>\n<p><\/br><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #999999; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">ABSTRACT \u2014 The Bluetooth standard defines Direct Test Mode (DTM) for RF PHY testing of Bluetooth low energy device. This standardization verifies that a basic level of system performance is guaranteed for all BLE products. We will introduce the method of perform the tests through a 2-wire UART interface.<\/span><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #00aeef; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">I &#8211; Introduction<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">The RF validation of Bluetooth device uses a protocol called Direct Test Mode. It is described in the Bluetooth Core Specification versions 4.x and 5.0, Volume 6, Part F.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">The purpose is to test the radio at the physical layer for things such as transmitting power and receiver sensitivity, which is useful for regulatory EMC testing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">The Direct Test Mode (DTM) is used to control the Device Under Test (DUT) and provides a report back to the TESTER. It has two alternate methods:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/br><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-1.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"panel-caption center\"><span style=\"color: #777777; font-size: .7em; font-weight: 400; text-align: center; line-height: .5em\">Figure 1: bluetooth protocol stack<\/span><\/div>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">1. Over HCI<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-2.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">2. Through a 2-wire UART Interface<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-3.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">In the next section, we describe the second way to perform the tests through a 2-wire UART interface.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/br><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #00aeef; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">II &#8211; Test Sequences<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">The DTM protocol enables communication between the DUT (Device Under Test) and the Tester. The test equipment that we usually use in the development phase is Anritsu MT8852B, which combines the upper and lower tester functions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-4.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">The Upper Tester has direct access to the DUT through a dedicated 2-wire connection which can enter commands to start and stop the RF test. The Lower Tester is a piece of lab equipment that will measure the RF activity and performance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/br><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-5.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"panel-caption center\"><span style=\"color: #777777; font-size: .7em; font-weight: 400; text-align: center; line-height: .5em\">Figure 2-1: message sequence charts of transmitter test<\/span><\/div>\n<p><\/br><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-6.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"panel-caption center\"><span style=\"color: #777777; font-size: .7em; font-weight: 400; text-align: center; line-height: .5em\">Figure 2-2: message sequence charts of receiver test<\/span><\/div>\n<p><\/br><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #00aeef; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">III &#8211; Commands And Events<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">Command and Event behavior of 2-wire UART interface.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-7.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">\u02d9\u2013 Commands<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-8.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">1. CMD(command)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-9.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">2. Frequency<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-10.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">3. Length<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-11.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">4. PKT(Packet Type)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-12.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">Note: Vendor specific will be detailed in section<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">Events<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">&#8211; LE_Test_Status_Event<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-13.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">1. EV (event)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-14.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">2. ST (status)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-15.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">3. DC (don\u2019t care)<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">&#8211; LE_Packet_Report_Event<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-16.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">1. EV(event)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-17.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">2. ST(status)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-18.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #00aeef; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">IV &#8211; Vendor Specific<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">The standard 2-wire UART interface Command reserves binary value \u201c11\u201d at PKT field for Vendor Specific packet payload.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-19.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">For instance, Nordic nRF52832 have four vendor options as below:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-20.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">CARRIER_TEST<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">If column 3 (the length) of the packet is set to 0, an unmodulated carrier 2. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">ST (the status) is turned on at the channel indicated by column 2 (the frequency).<\/span><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">CARRIER_TEST_STUDIO<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">If column 3 (the length) of the packet is set to 1, an unmodulated carrier is turned on at the channel indicated by nRFgo studio, which is an application for configuring Nordic chips and which also supports a range of radio testing.<\/span><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">SET_TX_POWER<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">If column 3 (the length) of the packet is set to 2, column 2 (the frequency) sets the TX power in dBm.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">Valid settings on Nordic nRF52832 are -40, -20, -16, -12, -8, -4, 0, +3, +4dB. They can only be modified while no transmitter or receiver test is running.<\/span><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">Only the 6 least significant bits of Tx power value will be fit in. Take -4dBm as an example: The representation of 8-bit binary in decimal -4 is 11111100. Determine that the 6 least significant bits are 111100, then fit them into the frequency field of the packet payload.<\/span><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-21.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">The command of setting Tx power to -4dBm in hexadecimal form will be 0xBC0B.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">SELECT_TIMER<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">If column 3 (length) is set to 3, column 2 (frequency) selects the timer for transmitter test timing. The valid values of the timer are 0, 1, 2.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">Summarize the Vendor Specific packet payload into one format.<\/span><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-22.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #00aeef; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">V &#8211; Debugging<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">All commands and events are binary messages, we need a simulator for monitoring the communication between two devices. Docklight is an application that can be simulated as a RS232\/UART device and can manually create send\/receive sequences from the communication data.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">Using Nordic nRF52832 as a DUT, set Docklight to send the SET_TX_POWER of vendor commands, and check if the transmit power is correct through the RF power meter.<\/span><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-23.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">Set commands of sending sequence on Docklight:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">1. DTM_tx set as LE_Transmitter_Test command (0x8000)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-24.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">2. DTM_end set as LE_Test_Eed command (0xC000)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-25.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">3. DTM_reset set as LE_Reset command (0x0000)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-26.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">4. vender_value set as SET_TX_POWER of vendor commands<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-27.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">Click the button for vendor_value to set the Tx power, then click the DTM_tx button to start sending the sequence. DUT will response [RX]0x0000 every time an event is successful.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-28.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><\/p>\n<p><\/br><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-29.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"panel-caption center\"><span style=\"color: #777777; font-size: .7em; font-weight: 400; text-align: center; line-height: .5em\">Figure 5-1: screenshot of Docklight simulating as a Tester<\/span><\/div>\n<p><\/br><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/techpaper-11-30.jpg\" width=\"100%\" class=\"center\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"panel-caption center\"><span style=\"color: #777777; font-size: .7em; font-weight: 400; text-align: center; line-height: .5em\">Figure 5-2: screenshot of power meter NI USB-5681 Soft Front Panel<\/span><\/div>\n<p><\/br><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">References <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #999999; font-size: .8em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">1. Bluetooth Specification<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #999999; font-size: .8em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">Version 4.0 Volume 6 Part F, Bluetooth Special Interest Group.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #999999; font-size: .8em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">2. Nordic Semiconductor Infocenter<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #999999; font-size: .8em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\"><a href=\"https:\/\/infocenter.nordicsemi.com\/index.jsp?topic=%2Fcom.nordic.infocenter.sdk5.v12.3.0%2Fble_sdk_app_dtm_serial.html\">https:\/\/infocenter.nordicsemi.com\/index.jsp?topic=%2Fcom.nordic.infocenter.sdk5.v12.3.0%2Fble_sdk_app_dtm_serial.html<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #999999; font-size: .8em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\">3. Nordic Semiconductor nRF5 SDK v12.3.0<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #999999; font-size: .8em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em\">Directory:nRF5_SDK_12.3.0_d7731ad\/examples\/dtm\/direct_test_mode<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/br><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #8C43FD; font-size: 1.0em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/technical-papers\/BLE-direct-test.pdf\">Download PDF ><\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><\/p>\n<hr>\n<\/hr>\n<p><\/br><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #00aeef; font-size: 1.3em; font-family: manrope; letter-spacing: -1px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5em\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engeniustech.com\/engenius-technical-papers.html\">See all Technical Papers ><\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #1BDFEB; font-weight: 700;\">Documento t\u00e9cnico <\/span>- El est\u00e1ndar Bluetooth define el modo de prueba directa (DTM) para la prueba RF PHY de un dispositivo Bluetooth de baja energ\u00eda. Esta estandarizaci\u00f3n verifica que se garantiza un nivel b\u00e1sico de rendimiento del sistema para todos los productos BLE.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19786","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Technical Paper: BLE Direct Test Mode Through 2-wire | EnGenius<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Bluetooth standard defines BLE Direct Test Mode (DTM) for RF PHY testing of Bluetooth low energy devices.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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